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In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity (also morbidity rate or morbidity frequency) can refer to either the incidence rate, the prevalence of a disease or medical condition, or the percentage of people who experience a given condition within a given timeframe (e.g., 20% of people will get influenza in a year). [18]
To measure the environmental health impact, environment was defined as "all the physical, chemical and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviours". [16] The definition of modifiable environment included: Air, soil, and water pollution with chemicals or biological agents; Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation
Applied field epidemiology can include investigating communicable and non-communicable disease outbreaks, mortality and morbidity rates, and nutritional status, among other indicators of health, with the purpose of communicating the results to those who can implement appropriate policies or disease control measures.
In 2000–2002, the 1990 study was updated by WHO to include a more extensive analysis using a framework known as comparative risk factor assessment. [ 5 ] The WHO estimates were again updated for 2004 in The global burden of disease: 2004 update (published in 2008) [ 7 ] and in Global health risks (published in 2009).
Time discounting, which is separate from the age-weighting function, describes preferences in time as used in economic models. [ 17 ] The effects of the interplay between life expectancy and years lost, discounting, and social weighting are complex, depending on the severity and duration of illness.
Across the 38 OECD countries, region, or equivalent large subnational entities, is the predominant geographic level for both mortality and morbidity indicators. Health indicator availability at smaller geographies was sparse, and varied considerably by geographic definition, health indicator, age range of population and years available.
Loneliness or insufficient social relationships is also a major underlying factor, which may be comparable to smoking and, according to one meta-analysis of 148 studies, "exceeds many well-known risk factors for mortality (e.g., obesity, physical inactivity)". [65]
These can be physical non-communicable diseases, infectious and mental health conditions in any possible combinations and they may or may not interact with each other. [6] When the co-existing conditions have similar origins or treatments the terms used is concordant multimorbidity , while discordant multimorbidity is used to refer to ...