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Various Islamic scholars contributed to the development of geography and cartography, with the most notable including Al-Khwārizmī, Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (founder of the "Balkhi school"), Al-Masudi, Abu Rayhan Biruni and Muhammad al-Idrisi. Islamic geography was patronized by the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.
Its principal goal was to elucidate the Old Testament with additional research goals concerned with natural history, geography, and cartography. [1] It had six members, of whom only Carsten Niebuhr survived, returning to Denmark in 1767. The journey has been chronicled by the 20th century novelist, Thorkild Hansen, in his novel Arabia Felix.
Most of the Arab world falls in the driest region of the world. Almost 80% of it is covered in desert (10,666,637 of 13,333,296 km2), stretching from Mauritania and Morocco to Oman and the UAE. [ citation needed ] The second most common terrain is the semi-arid terrain , which found in all Arab countries except Lebanon and Comoros.
Map of Arabia from the Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik by al-Istakhri (copy dated to c. 1306 CE). The Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Arabic: كتاب المسالك والممالك, Kitāb al-Masālik waʿl-Mamālik [1]) is a group of Islamic manuscripts composed from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. [2]
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world; A. Arabic mile; D. Dragon's Tail (peninsula) I. Island of the Jewel; T. Book of Curiosities
Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi khabar al-aqṭār (The Book of the Fragrant Garden) is a fourteenth-century Arabic geography by al-Ḥimyarī that is a primary source for the history of Muslim Iberia in the Middle Ages, though it is based in part on the earlier account by Muhammad al-Idrisi.
Al-Idrisi also derived map-making methods from the Balkhi school of Geography, a school which was founded during the 10th century in Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate. [7] It was from this school that he drew the scientifically rigorous and anthropologically detailed information that he incorporated into the atlas' creation.
The Island of the Jewel (Arabic: جزيرة الجوهرة Jazīrat al-Jawhar) [n 1] or Island of Sapphires (Arabic: جزيرة الياقوت Jazīrat al-Yāqūt) was a semi-legendary island in medieval Arabic cartography, said to lie in the Sea of Darkness (Bahr az-Zulamat) near the equator, forming the eastern limit of the inhabited world.