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Two of the major developments in music in the 14th century occurred in France. The first was ars nova , a new, predominantly secular style of music. It began with the publication of the Roman de Fauvel [ 7 ] and culminated in the rondeaux , ballades , lais , virelais , motets, and single surviving mass of Guillaume de Machaut , who died in 1377.
French music history dates back to organum in the 10th century, followed by the Notre Dame School, an organum composition style. Troubadour songs of chivalry and courtly love were composed in the Occitan language between the 10th and 13th centuries, and the Trouvère poet-composers flourished in Northern France during this period.
Collectivistic cultures include those of Asia and Latin America, whilst individualistic cultures include those of North America and Western Europe. North America, specifically, is seen to be the prototype of an individualistic culture. [2] Research has shown that the collectivism vs. individualism paradigm informs cultural emotional expression.
According to Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Culture, the culture of France is moderately individualistic and high Power Distance Index. Now, the interracial blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature of French culture, from popular music to movies and literature.
Individualism vs. collectivism : This index explores the "degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups". Individualistic societies have loose ties that often only relate an individual to his/her immediate family.
Individualistic cultures are characterized by individualism, which is the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. In individualistic cultures, people are motivated by their own preference and viewpoints. Individualistic cultures focus on abstract thinking, privacy, self-dependence, uniqueness, and personal goals. [1]
Classical music, including that from France is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. [2] Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitch , speed , meter , individual rhythms and exact execution of a ...
This contrasts with Hofstede's earlier research, which found these countries to be collectivist, and shows the dynamic and complex nature of culture. Countries with high communitarianism include Germany, China, France, Japan, and Singapore. [5]