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A calcaneal fracture is a break of the calcaneus (heel bone). [1] Symptoms may include pain, bruising, trouble walking, and deformity of the heel . [ 1 ] It may be associated with breaks of the hip or back .
FRAX integrates clinical risk factors and bone mineral density at the femoral neck to calculate the 10-year probability of hip fracture and the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (clinical spine, forearm, hip or shoulder fracture). [2]
In orthopedic medicine, the Sanders classification is a system of categorizing intra-articular calcaneal fractures based on the number of articular fragments seen on the coronal CT image at the widest point of the posterior facet.
Risk factors: Fluoroquinolones, significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, corticosteroids [1] [5] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms and examination, supported by medical imaging [5] Differential diagnosis: Achilles tendinitis, ankle sprain, avulsion fracture of the calcaneus [5] Treatment: Casting or surgery [6] [5] Frequency
Identified risk factors include low dietary calcium or phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, boron, iron, fluoride, copper, vitamins A, K, E and C (and D where skin exposure to sunlight provides an inadequate supply). Excess sodium is a risk factor. High blood acidity may be diet-related, and is a known antagonist of bone. [47]
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Normally the tibia sits vertically above the calcaneus (pes rectus). If the calcaneal axis between these two bones is turned medially the foot is in an everted position (pes valgus), and if it is turned laterally the foot is in an inverted position (pes varus). [5] Calcaneal fracture, also known as lover's fracture and Don Juan fracture
In terms of fracture type, isolated malleolar fractures are most common (two-thirds of fractures); bimalleolar fractures occur in roughly 25% of patients while trimalleolar fractures occur in 5-10%. [10] Open fractures are rare, compromising 2% of all ankle fractures. [21] In children, ankle fractures occur in about 1 per 1000 per year. [3]