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  2. Internal energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_energy

    The internal energy depends only on the internal state of the system and not on the particular choice from many possible processes by which energy may pass into or out of the system. It is a state variable, a thermodynamic potential, and an extensive property. [5] Thermodynamics defines internal energy macroscopically, for the body as a whole.

  3. Thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

    where U 0 denotes the internal energy of the combined system, and U 1 and U 2 denote the internal energies of the respective separated systems. Adapted for thermodynamics, this law is an expression of the principle of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or ...

  4. Laws of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics

    The concept of internal energy and its relationship to temperature. If a system has a definite temperature, then its total energy has three distinguishable components, termed kinetic energy (energy due to the motion of the system as a whole), potential energy (energy resulting from an externally imposed force field), and internal energy. The ...

  5. First law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

    For thermodynamic processes of energy transfer without transfer of matter, the first law of thermodynamics is often expressed by the algebraic sum of contributions to the internal energy, , from all work, , done on or by the system, and the quantity of heat, , supplied or withdrawn from the system. [1]

  6. Fundamental thermodynamic relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_thermodynamic...

    The first law of thermodynamics is essentially a definition of heat, i.e. heat is the change in the internal energy of a system that is not caused by a change of the external parameters of the system. However, the second law of thermodynamics is not a defining relation for the entropy.

  7. Thermodynamic system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_system

    Equilibrium thermodynamics, as a subject in physics, considers macroscopic bodies of matter and energy in states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. It uses the concept of thermodynamic processes, by which bodies pass from one equilibrium state to another by transfer of matter and energy between them. The term 'thermodynamic system' is used ...

  8. Thermodynamic state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_state

    Examples are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, Gibbs free energy, thermodynamic temperature, and entropy. For a given body, of a given chemical constitution, when its thermodynamic state has been fully defined by its pressure and volume, then its temperature is uniquely determined.

  9. Second law of thermodynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics

    The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions.A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient).