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In bacteria, the coding regions typically take up 88% of the genome. [1] The remaining 12% does not encode proteins, but much of it still has biological function through genes where the RNA transcript is functional (non-coding genes) and regulatory sequences, which means that almost all of the bacterial genome has a function. [1]
The roles of non-coding RNAs: Ribonucleoproteins are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue. A non-coding RNA (ncRNA) is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. The DNA sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene.
Long non-coding RNA/lncRNA: Non-coding RNA transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides long. Members of this group comprise the largest fraction of the non-coding transcriptome other than introns. It is not known how many of these transcripts are functional and how many are junk RNA. transfer RNA/tRNA; micro RNA/miRNA: 19-24 nucleotides (nt ...
The mtDNA control region is an area of the mitochondrial genome which is non-coding DNA. This region controls RNA and DNA synthesis. [1] It is the most polymorphic region of the human mtDNA genome, [2] with polymorphism concentrated in hypervariable regions. The average nucleotide diversity in these regions is 1.7%. [3]
Further, in order to generate a cyclic Hadamard core, the vector (of coefficients of) () when operated upon with the cyclic shift operation must be of period , and the vector difference of two arbitrary rows of (augmented with zero) must satisfy the uniformity condition of Butson, [5] previously referred to as Property U.
In 2005 the landscape of the mammalian genome was described as numerous 'foci' of transcription that are separated by long stretches of intergenic space. [9] While some long ncRNAs are located within the intergenic stretches, the majority are overlapping sense and antisense transcripts that often include protein-coding genes, [23] giving rise to a complex hierarchy of overlapping isoforms. [24]
Highly conserved DNA sequences are thought to have functional value, although the role for many highly conserved non-coding DNA sequences is poorly understood. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The extent to which a sequence is conserved can be affected by varying selection pressures , its robustness to mutation, population size and genetic drift .
It is not known whether such hypovariable control regions are more widespread. In the Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), an East Asian protacanthopterygian, control region mutation rate is not markedly lowered, but sequence differences between subspecies are far lower in the control region than elsewhere. This phenomenon completely defies ...