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CAMPUS (acronym for Computer Aided Material Preselection by Uniform Standards) is a multilingual database for the properties of plastics. It is considered worldwide as a leader in regard to the level of standardization and therefore, ease of comparison, of plastics properties.
The development of plastics has evolved from the use of naturally plastic materials (e.g., gums and shellac) to the use of the chemical modification of those materials (e.g., natural rubber, cellulose, collagen, and milk proteins), and finally to completely synthetic plastics (e.g., bakelite, epoxy, and PVC).
More than 150 different monomers can be combined within this family to give materials with extremely different properties. [2] These plastics are biodegradable and are used in the production of bioplastics. [3] They can be either thermoplastic or elastomeric materials, [citation needed] with melting points ranging from 40 to 180 °C. [citation ...
Bioplastics are plastic materials produced from renewable biomass sources. Historically , bioplastics made from natural materials like shellac or cellulose had been the first plastics. Since the end of the 19th century they have been increasingly superseded by fossil-fuel plastics derived from petroleum or natural gas ( fossilized biomass is ...
Contamination is further compounded by plastic packaging and storage materials, which can leach MNPs over time, leading to additional ingestion from common foods and drinks. [ 10 ] [ 27 ] Fecal sample analyses estimate a daily intake of approximately 203–332 MNP particles, translating to an annual ingestion rate of around 39,000–52,000 ...
A plastic is considered a bioplastic if it was produced partly or wholly with biologically sourced polymers. A plastic is considered biodegradable if it can degrade into water, carbon dioxide, and biomass in a given time frame (dependent on different standards). Thus, the terms are not synonymous. Not all bioplastics are biodegradable. [44]
Compounding process, biocomposite materials based on thermoplastic polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene are processed by compounding and extrusion. The production of biocomposites uses techniques that are used to manufacture plastics or composites materials. These techniques include: Machine press; Filament winding; Pultrusion;
Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in commercial materials and products in everyday use, such as plastics, and rubbers, and are major components of composite materials. Polymer chemistry can also be included in the broader fields of polymer science or even nanotechnology , both of which can be described as encompassing polymer physics and ...