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An amortization schedule is a table detailing each periodic payment on an amortizing loan (typically a mortgage), as generated by an amortization calculator. [1] Amortization refers to the process of paying off a debt (often from a loan or mortgage) over time through regular payments. [ 2 ]
An amortization calculator is used to determine the periodic payment amount due on a loan (typically a mortgage), based on the amortization process. [1] The amortization repayment model factors varying amounts of both interest and principal into every installment, though the total amount of each payment is the same.
The effective interest rate is calculated as if compounded annually. The effective rate is calculated in the following way, where r is the effective annual rate, i the nominal rate, and n the number of compounding periods per year (for example, 12 for monthly compounding): [1]
where: P is the principal amount borrowed, A is the periodic amortization payment, r is the periodic interest rate divided by 100 (nominal annual interest rate also divided by 12 in case of monthly installments), and n is the total number of payments (for a 30-year loan with monthly payments n = 30 × 12 = 360).
The loan starts with a fixed interest rate for a few years (usually three to 10), and then the rate adjusts up or down on a preset schedule, such as once per year. Interest-only ARM
r - the monthly interest rate. Since the quoted yearly percentage rate is not a compounded rate, the monthly percentage rate is simply the yearly percentage rate divided by 12. For example, if the yearly percentage rate was 6% (i.e. 0.06), then r would be / or 0.5% (i.e. 0.005).
This yields an annualized flat rate of 12%, and an annualized effective or true rate of 19.05%. The true rate can also be calculated by iteration from the amortization schedule, using the compound interest formula. To keep quoted interest rates as low as possible, institutions also often call for one-time origination or administration fees.
Amortization is recorded in the financial statements of an entity as a reduction in the carrying value of the intangible asset in the balance sheet and as an expense in the income statement. Under International Financial Reporting Standards , guidance on accounting for the amortization of intangible assets is contained in IAS 38. [ 1 ]