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Compared to similarly sized fish, mammals and birds typically have brain sizes fifteen times larger, though some species of fish such as elephantnose fish have very large brain-to-body ratios. However, fish still display intelligence that cannot be explained through Pavlovian and operant conditioning, such as reversal learning, novel obstacle ...
A veined octopus eating a crab.. Unlike most other molluscs, all cephalopods are active predators (with the possible exceptions of the bigfin squid and vampire squid).Their need to locate and capture their prey has likely been the driving evolutionary force behind the development of their intelligence.
The cleaner wrasse fish appears to recognize its own visage in an underwater mirror. Octopuses seem to react to anesthetic drugs and will avoid settings where they likely experienced past pain.
Usually, light enters through the fish eye at the cornea and passes through the pupil in order to reach the lens. Most fish species have a fixed size of the pupil while a few species have a muscular iris that allows for the adjustment of the pupil diameter. Fish eyes have a more spherical lens than other terrestrial vertebrates.
Many fish also have chemoreceptors that are responsible for extraordinary senses of taste and smell. Although they have ears, many fish may not hear very well. Most fish have sensitive receptors that form the lateral line system, which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish and prey. [1]
A female bottlenose dolphin performing with her trainer. They are considered one of the most intelligent cetaceans. Cetacean intelligence is the overall intelligence and derived cognitive ability of aquatic mammals belonging in the infraorder Cetacea (cetaceans), including baleen whales, porpoises, and dolphins.
Thus, many animals are active during the day, others are active at night, still others near dawn and dusk. Though one might think that these "circadian rhythms" are controlled simply by the presence or absence of light, nearly every animal that has been studied has been shown to have a "biological clock" that yields cycles of activity even when ...
Other Minds is a 2016 bestseller by Peter Godfrey-Smith on the evolution and nature of consciousness. It compares the situation in cephalopods, especially octopuses and cuttlefish, with that in mammals and birds.