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Alternative notations include C(n, k), n C k, n C k, C k n, [3] C n k, and C n,k, in all of which the C stands for combinations or choices; the C notation means the number of ways to choose k out of n objects. Many calculators use variants of the C notation because they can represent it on a single-line display.
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
The Bernoulli numbers can be expressed in terms of the Riemann zeta function as B n = −nζ(1 − n) for integers n ≥ 0 provided for n = 0 the expression −nζ(1 − n) is understood as the limiting value and the convention B 1 = 1 / 2 is used. This intimately relates them to the values of the zeta function at negative integers.
Note: The notation [x n] f(x) refers to the coefficient of x n in f(x). The series expansion of the square root is based on Newton's generalization of the binomial theorem. To get from the fourth to fifth line manipulations using the generalized binomial coefficient is needed. The expression on the last line is equal to the (n − 1) st Catalan ...
In other words, it was necessary to prove only that the equation a n + b n = c n has no positive integer solutions (a, b, c) when n is an odd prime number. This follows because a solution (a, b, c) for a given n is equivalent to a solution for all the factors of n. For illustration, let n be factored into d and e, n = de. The general equation a ...
Just as the class P is defined in terms of polynomial running time, the class EXPTIME is the set of all decision problems that have exponential running time. In other words, any problem in EXPTIME is solvable by a deterministic Turing machine in O(2 p(n)) time, where p(n) is a polynomial function of n.
In numerical linear algebra, the tridiagonal matrix algorithm, also known as the Thomas algorithm (named after Llewellyn Thomas), is a simplified form of Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations. A tridiagonal system for n unknowns may be written as
The Euler method is often not accurate enough. In more precise terms, it only has order one (the concept of order is explained below). This caused mathematicians to look for higher-order methods. One possibility is to use not only the previously computed value y n to determine y n+1, but to make the