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In many places, P. arundinacea is an invasive species in wetlands, particularly in disturbed areas. [10] It has been reported as an invasive weed in floodplains, riverside meadows, and other wetland habitat types around the world. When P. arundinacea invades a wetland, it inhibits native vegetation and reduces biological diversity. [11]
The compact panicles are erect or sometimes slightly spreading and range from 3 to 16 inches (7.6 to 40.6 cm) long with branches 1 ⁄ 2 to 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (1.3 to 3.8 cm) long. Single flowers occur in dense clusters in May to mid-June or August. Inflorescences are green or slightly purple at first, then become tan.
Some Phalaris species contain gramine, which, in sheep and to a lesser extent in cattle, is toxic and can cause brain damage, other organ damage, central nervous system damage, and death. [1] [2] Phalaris arundinacea, Phalaris aquatica, and Phalaris brachystachys are known to contain the alkaloids DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, and 5-OH-DMT (bufotenin).
Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) Rhaponticum repens (Russian knapweed) Rosa bracteata (MacCartney rose) Rosa multiflora (baby rose, multiflora rose, rambler rose) Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust, false acacia) – native to the U.S., but widely planted outside its restricted range where it has become invasive
Phalaris arundinacea: reed canary grass Pilosella aurantiaca: fox-and-clubs Reynoutria japonica: Japanese knotweed Rubus armeniacus: Himalayan blackberry Rubus laciniatus: cutleaf evergreen blackberry Salix × fragilis: crack willow Spartium: Spanish broom Tamarix ramosissima: saltcedar Torilis arvensis: spreading hedgeparsley Ulex gorse
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Other non-native or invasive plants include Phalaris arundinacea,Ulex europaeus, and Rubus fruticosus. [17] The non-native Plantago coronopus has replaced native New Zealand plants in the flat such as Samolus repens and Selliera radicans. [8]
Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass) differs from Harding grass in having more distinct rhizomes, and an inflorescence that is compact at first but becomes more open as the branches spread. Hybrids of Harding grass and reed canary grass have been produced. Varieties include 'AQ1', 'Uneta', and 'Australis'.