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Examples of passive components deliberately designed to be non-reciprocal include circulators and isolators. [3] The transfer function of a reciprocal network has the property that it is symmetrical about the main diagonal if expressed in terms of a z-parameter, y-parameter, or s-parameter matrix. A non-symmetrical matrix implies a non ...
The second antenna is a reference antenna, which points rigidly at the first antenna. Each antenna is alternately connected to a transmitter having a particular source impedance, and a receiver having the same input impedance (the impedance may differ between the two antennas).
Forms of the reciprocity theorems are used in many electromagnetic applications, such as analyzing electrical networks and antenna systems. [1] For example, reciprocity implies that antennas work equally well as transmitters or receivers, and specifically that an antenna's radiation and receiving patterns are identical.
Patch antenna gain pattern. A directional antenna or beam antenna is an antenna which radiates or receives greater radio wave power in specific directions. Directional antennas can radiate radio waves in beams, when greater concentration of radiation in a certain direction is desired, or in receiving antennas receive radio waves from one specific direction only.
English: Diagram of a J-pole antenna, a vertical end-fed half-wave omnidirectional transmitting antenna used in the shortwave frequency bands. It consists of a vertical element a half wavelength (/) long, fed in series with a quarter wavelength (/) transmission line stub, with the coaxial cable feedline (F) from the transmitter attached along the stub.
Antenna directivity is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the maximum direction divided by the intensity radiated by a hypothetical isotropic antenna radiating the same total power as that antenna. For example, a hypothetical antenna which had a radiated pattern of a hemisphere (1/2 ...
A horn antenna has a flaring metal horn attached to a waveguide. It is a simple antenna with moderate gain of 15 to 25 dBi, used for applications such as radar guns, radiometers, and as feed antennas for parabolic dishes. Slot Consists of a waveguide with one or more slots cut in it to emit the microwaves. Linear slot antennas emit narrow fan ...
The ground rods create a ground plane under the antenna which increases the gain. The ground rods may extend horizontally from the base, but in antennas fed by coaxial cable as shown here they are usually sloped downward to increase the radiation resistance of the antenna from the 36 ohms of a quarter wave monopole closer to 50 ohms, so the ...