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The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion (Danish pronunciation: [ˈkʰelˌtɛˀl]) in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of a sample's organic nitrogen plus ammonia/ammonium (NH 3 /NH 4 +). Without modification, other forms of inorganic nitrogen, for instance nitrate, are not included in this measurement.
In order to solve the problem of determining accurate nitrogen content in a sample, Kjeldahl developed a method which involves a two-step reaction: a distillation and a back titration. He found that ammonium salts can be produced by the reaction between organic compounds and sulfuric acid; this step is a digestion.
A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [1]: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.
A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus [1] invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. [2] It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent. It allows for ...
Special electrically powered heating mantles are available in various sizes into which the bottoms of round-bottom flasks can fit so that the contents of a flask can be heated for distillation, chemical reactions, boiling, etc. Heating can also be accomplished by submerging the bottom of the flask into a heat bath, water bath, or sand bath.
Since its invention in 1964 the apparatus has been adopted, modified, and used by hundreds of researchers for the purposes of analyzing compounds in everything from fermented camels milk to turbot. [3] [4] [5] Perhaps the most notable permutation of the Likens-Nickerson apparatus is the device described by Godefroot et al. in 1981. [6]