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The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion (Danish pronunciation: [ˈkʰelˌtɛˀl]) in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of a sample's organic nitrogen plus ammonia/ammonium (NH 3 /NH 4 +). Without modification, other forms of inorganic nitrogen, for instance nitrate, are not included in this measurement.
In order to solve the problem of determining accurate nitrogen content in a sample, Kjeldahl developed a method which involves a two-step reaction: a distillation and a back titration. He found that ammonium salts can be produced by the reaction between organic compounds and sulfuric acid; this step is a digestion.
Similar to the reaction flasks, the distillation flasks usually have only one narrow neck and a ground glass joint and are made of thinner glass than the reaction flask, so that they are easier to heat. They are sometimes spherical, test tube shaped or pear-shaped, also known as Kjeldahl Flasks, due to their use with Kjeldahl bulbs.
Kjeldahl method, analytical chemistry method for determining total nitrogen Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kjeldahl .
Special electrically powered heating mantles are available in various sizes into which the bottoms of round-bottom flasks can fit so that the contents of a flask can be heated for distillation, chemical reactions, boiling, etc. Heating can also be accomplished by submerging the bottom of the flask into a heat bath, water bath, or sand bath.
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Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece. Differential centrifugation . Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (of gasses, solids, liquids, enzymes , or isotopes , or a suspension ) is divided during a phase transition , into a number of smaller quantities ( fractions ...
A Kugelrohr (German for "ball tube") is a short-path vacuum distillation apparatus [1]: 150 typically used to distill relatively small amounts of compounds with high boiling points (usually greater than 300 °C) under greatly reduced pressure.