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  2. Free module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_module

    In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set that is linearly independent. Every vector space is a free module, [ 1 ] but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules.

  3. Free abelian group - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_abelian_group

    A free module is a module that can be represented as a direct sum over its base ring, so free abelian groups and free -modules are equivalent concepts: each free abelian group is (with the multiplication operation above) a free -module, and each free -module comes from a free abelian group in this way. [21]

  4. Torsion (algebra) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_(algebra)

    where F is a free R-module of finite rank (depending only on M) and T(M) is the torsion submodule of M. As a corollary, any finitely generated torsion-free module over R is free. This corollary does not hold for more general commutative domains, even for R = K[x,y], the ring of polynomials in two variables. For non-finitely generated modules ...

  5. Roundness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundness

    Having a constant diameter, measured at varying angles around the shape, is often considered to be a simple measurement of roundness.This is misleading. [3]Although constant diameter is a necessary condition for roundness, it is not a sufficient condition for roundness: shapes exist that have constant diameter but are far from round.

  6. Group ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_ring

    Let be a group, written multiplicatively, and let be a ring. The group ring of over , which we will denote by [], or simply , is the set of mappings : of finite support (() is nonzero for only finitely many elements ), where the module scalar product of a scalar in and a mapping is defined as the mapping (), and the module group sum of two mappings and is defined as the mapping () + ().

  7. Module (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)

    A torsion-free module is a module over a ring such that 0 is the only element annihilated by a regular element (non zero-divisor) of the ring, equivalently rm = 0 implies r = 0 or m = 0. Noetherian A Noetherian module is a module that satisfies the ascending chain condition on submodules, that is, every increasing chain of submodules becomes ...

  8. Orientation (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)

    Changing orientation of a rigid body is the same as rotating the axes of a reference frame attached to it.. In geometry, the orientation, attitude, bearing, direction, or angular position of an object – such as a line, plane or rigid body – is part of the description of how it is placed in the space it occupies. [1]

  9. Tensor product of modules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_modules

    The module construction is analogous to the construction of the tensor product of vector spaces, but can be carried out for a pair of modules over a commutative ring resulting in a third module, and also for a pair of a right-module and a left-module over any ring, with result an abelian group.