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The federal guidelines recommend reporting those fetal deaths whose birth weight is over 12.5 oz (350 g), or those more than 20 weeks gestation. [63] Forty-one areas use a definition very similar to the federal definition, thirteen areas use a shortened definition of fetal death, and three areas have no formal definition of fetal death.
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. [9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death.
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. ... Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is one cause of intrauterine death (IUD).
Spontaneous fetal termination after 20 weeks of gestation is known as a stillbirth. [15] The term miscarriage is sometimes used to refer to all forms of pregnancy loss and pregnancy with abortive outcomes before 20 weeks of gestation. The most common symptom of a miscarriage is vaginal bleeding, with or without pain. [1]
Spalding's sign is a sign used in obstetrics. [1] It is named for Alfred Baker Spalding. [2] [3]It is an indicator of fetal death. [4] When fetal death has occurred loss of alignment and overriding of the bones of cranial vault occur due to shrinkage of cerebrum, [5] abdominal sonar examination may reveal an overriding of the fetal cranial bones. [6]
Severe pre-eclampsia is a significant risk factor for intrauterine fetal death. A rise in baseline blood pressure (BP) of 30 mmHg systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic, while not meeting the absolute criteria of 140/90, is important to note but is not considered diagnostic.
A vanishing twin, also known as twin resorption, is a fetus in a multigestation pregnancy that dies in utero and is then partially or completely reabsorbed. [1] [2] In some instances, the dead twin is compressed into a flattened, parchment-like state known as fetus papyraceus.
A 2008 bulletin from the World Health Organization estimates that 900,000 total infants die each year from birth asphyxia, making it a leading cause of death for newborns. [11] In the United States, intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia was listed as the tenth leading cause of neonatal death. [12]