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In a hydrocarbon molecule with all carbon atoms making up the backbone in a tetrahedral molecular geometry, the zigzag backbone is in the paper plane (chemical bonds depicted as solid line segments) with the substituents either sticking out of the paper toward the viewer (chemical bonds depicted as solid wedges) or away from the viewer ...
This projection most commonly sights down a carbon-carbon bond, making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of alkanes. A Newman projection visualizes the conformation of a chemical bond from front to back, with the front atom represented by the intersection of three lines (a dot) and the back atom as a circle.
In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry .
The sawhorse projection is very similar to a skeletal formula, and it can even use wedges instead of lines to indicate the stereochemistry of the molecule. The sawhorse projection is set apart from the skeletal formulas because the sawhorse projection is not a very good indicator of molecule geometry and molecular arrangement.
Figure 5 shows 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane in a sawhorse projection with chlorine and a hydrogen anti-periplanar to each other. Syn-periplanar or synperiplanar is similar to anti-periplanar. In the syn-periplanar conformer, the A and D are on the same side of the plane of the bond, with the dihedral angle of A−B and C−D between +30° and ...
An example of a molecular species with square prismatic geometry (a slightly flattened cube) is octafluoroprotactinate(V), [PaF 8] 3–, as found in its sodium salt, Na 3 PaF 8. [6] While local cubic 8-coordination is common in ionic lattices (e.g., Ca 2+ in CaF 2 ), and some 8-coordinate actinide complexes are approximately cubic, there are no ...
The projection of C onto the x-axis is a ramified cover with ramification locus given by x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) = 0. {\displaystyle x(x-1)(x-2)=0.} This is because for these three values of x the fiber is the double point y 2 = 0 , {\displaystyle y^{2}=0,} while for any other value of x , the fiber consists of two distinct points (over an ...
Fischer projection: ... Glyceraldehyde can be prepared, along with dihydroxyacetone, by the mild oxidation of glycerol, for example with hydrogen peroxide [4] ...