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  2. Activated carbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_carbon

    Activated carbon. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is a form of carbon commonly used to filter contaminants from water and air, among many other uses. It is processed (activated) to have small, low-volume pores that greatly increase the surface area [1] [2] available for adsorption or chemical reactions. [3]

  3. Hydrothermal carbonization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_carbonization

    Biomass is heated together with water to 180 °C (356 °F) in a pressure vessel, in particular vegetable material (in the following reaction equation, simplified as sugar with the formula C 6 H 12 O 6). The pressure rises to about 1 megapascal (150 psi). During the reaction, oxonium ions are also formed which reduce the pH to pH 5 and lower.

  4. Carbonization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonization

    The tars and smoke produced from carbonization, although not directly poisonous, may have long-term damaging effects on the respiratory system. Housing areas should, where possible, be located so that prevailing winds carry smoke from charcoal operations away from them and batteries of kilns should not be located in close proximity to housing ...

  5. Top-lit updraft gasifier - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-lit_updraft_gasifier

    Any biomass with less than 20% water content can be used as fuel. The user fills the fuel pot up to the neck, just below the secondary air inlet holes. The user ignites the top layer of fuel for the pyrolysis to start. Air then flows in through the primary and secondary air inlets. The primary inlet helps the draft of pyrolysed wood gas flow up.

  6. Lincoln County Process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County_Process

    Nelson's Green Brier Distillery uses the Lincoln County Process to make its wheated First 108 Tennessee whiskey and its white whiskey. [12] Collier and McKeel, made in Nashville, uses a method that pumps the whiskey slowly through 10–13 feet (3–4 m) feet of sugar maple charcoal (instead of using gravity) made from trees cut by local sawmills.

  7. Moisture sorption isotherm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisture_sorption_isotherm

    The relationship between water content and equilibrium relative humidity of a material can be displayed graphically by a curve, the so-called moisture sorption isotherm. For each humidity value, a sorption isotherm indicates the corresponding water content value at a given temperature. If the composition or quality of the material changes, then ...

  8. Finery forge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finery_forge

    Hearth (left) and trip hammer (centre) in a finery forge. In the back room (right) is a large pile of charcoal. A finery forge is a forge used to produce wrought iron from pig iron by decarburization in a process called "fining" which involved liquifying cast iron in a fining hearth and removing carbon from the molten cast iron through oxidation. [1]

  9. Carburizing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburizing

    Carburizing, or carburising, is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide. The intent is to make the metal harder and more wear resistant. [1]