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Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers [1] or the pattern resulting from such an arrangement. [2] R. Bruce Hoadley wrote that grain is a "confusingly versatile term" with numerous different uses, including the direction of the wood cells (e.g., straight grain, spiral grain), surface appearance or figure, growth-ring placement (e.g., vertical grain), plane of the cut (e.g ...
Bird's eye is a type of figure that occurs within several kinds of wood, most notably hard maple. It has a distinctive pattern that resembles tiny, swirling eyes disrupting the smooth lines of grain. It is somewhat reminiscent of a burl, but it is quite different: the small knots that make the burl are missing.
A block plane is frequently used for paring end grain. This is possible because a block plane has its blade set at a shallow bed angle, allowing the blade to slice through end grain more efficiently; furthermore, for this to work, the plane is frequently held at an angle sometimes as much as 45 degrees to the direction of travel, so that the cutting edge slices the wood fibers as they pass ...
When planing against the grain, the wood fibers are lifted by the plane iron, resulting in a jagged finish, called tearout. Planing across the grain is sometimes called traverse or transverse planing. Planing the end grain of the board involves different techniques and frequently different planes designed for working end grain. Block planes and ...
grain The longitudinal fibers in wood. green wood Unseasoned wood or freshly harvested timber, usually with a high moisture content. grit The grade of particles in sandpaper or sharpening stones which determines the aggressiveness of the cut. groove A slot or channel made with the grain, usually on the end-grain in preparation for a tongue and ...
In addition to the grain, quartersawn wood (particularly oak) will also often display a pattern of medullary rays, seen as subtle wavy ribbon-like patterns across the straight grain. [6] Medullary rays grow in a radial fashion in the living tree, so while flat-sawing would cut across the rays, quarter-sawing puts them on the face of the board.
In wood, figure refers to the appearance of wood, as seen on a longitudinal surface (side-grain). A figured wood is not plain. The figure of a particular piece of wood is, in part, due to its grain and, in part, due to the cut, or to innate properties of the wood.
Different species of hardwood lend themselves to different end uses or construction processes. This is due to the variety of characteristics apparent in different timbers, including density, grain, pore size, growth and fibre pattern, flexibility and ability to be steam bent.