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Obstetric fistula is a medical condition in which a hole develops in the birth canal as a result of childbirth. [1] [2] This can be between the vagina and rectum, ureter, or bladder. [1] [4] It can result in incontinence of urine or feces. [1] Complications may include depression, infertility, and social isolation. [1]
Rectovaginal fistulas are often the result of trauma during childbirth (in which case it is known as obstetric fistula), with increased risk associated with significant lacerations or interventions are used such as episiotomy or operative (forceps/vacuum extraction) deliveries [2] or in situations where there is inadequate health care, such as in some developing countries.
In anatomy, a fistula (pl.: fistulas or fistulae /-l i,-l aɪ /; from Latin fistula, "tube, pipe") is an abnormal connection (i.e. tube) joining two hollow spaces (technically, two epithelialized surfaces), such as blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs to each other, often resulting in an abnormal flow of fluid from one space to the other.
Vesicovaginal fistula, or VVF, is an abnormal fistulous tract extending between the bladder and the vagina that allows the continuous involuntary discharge of urine into the vaginal vault. [citation needed] In addition to the medical sequela from these fistulas, they often have a profound effect on the patient's emotional well-being.
The presence of a vaginal fistula has a profound effect on the quality of life since there is little control over the passage of urine and feces through the vagina. [6] [7] Urogenital fistulas are often classified according to their cause: obstetric fistula, congenital fistula and iatrogenic fistula. Urogenital fistulas can be classified by ...
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Vesicouterine fistulas occur most commonly after lower segment caesarean sections (about 83-93% of cases). [2] The possible mechanisms by which vesicouterine fistulas occur following caesarean sections include undetected bladder injury during caesarean section, inadvertent placement of a suture through the bladder during the repair of the uterus and abnormal blood vessel connections following ...