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Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the toxic effect of certain metals in certain forms and doses on life. Some metals are toxic when they form poisonous soluble compounds. Certain metals have no biological role, i.e. are not essential minerals, or are toxic when in a certain form. [ 1 ]
A toxic heavy metal is a common but misleading term for a metal-like element noted for its potential toxicity. [4] Not all heavy metals are toxic and some toxic metals are not heavy. [ 5 ] Elements often discussed as toxic include cadmium , mercury and lead , [ 6 ] all of which appear in the World Health Organization 's list of 10 chemicals of ...
Besides the individual toxic effects of each metal, a wide range of metals are nephrotoxic in humans and/or in animals. [29] Some metals and their compounds are carcinogenic to humans. [citation needed] A few metals, such as lead and mercury, can cross the placental barrier and adversely affect fetal development. [30]
Some heavy metals are either essential nutrients (typically iron, cobalt, copper and zinc), or relatively harmless (such as ruthenium, silver and indium), but can be toxic in larger amounts or certain forms. Other heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead, are highly poisonous.
A number of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, are toxic to various forms of life, particularly when dissolved in water as metal ions. [1] Toxic heavy metals are often present in surface water as a result of natural processes, such as the weathering of metal-containing rocks, or due to human activity, such as mining and smelting. [2]
Lead may also be harmful to the developing immune system, causing production of excessive inflammatory proteins; this mechanism may mean that lead exposure is a risk factor for asthma in children. [188] Lead exposure has also been associated with a decrease in activity of immune cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [188]
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Toxic gases – Gases which: are known to be so toxic or corrosive to humans as to pose a hazard to health; or; are presumed to be toxic or corrosive to humans because they have an LC 50 value equal to or less than 5000 ml/m 3 (ppm). e.g. hydrogen cyanide. Division 2.3