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A hypha (from Ancient Greek ὑφή (huphḗ) 'web'; pl.: hyphae) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. [1] In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium .
Intracellular hyphae extend up to the cortical cells of the root and penetrate the cell walls but not the inner cellular membrane creating an internal invagination. The penetrating hyphae develop a highly branched structure called an arbuscule , which has low functional periods before degradation and absorption by the host's root cells.
The runner hyphae are individual, superficial fungal strands following the depressions between epidermal cells. The appressorium is the swollen structure preceding penetration through a host cell wall. The penetration tube is the thin structure penetrating through the cell wall.
Without having to look at the colony, the hyphae, or macroconidia, one can identify the dermatophyte by a simple color test. The specimen (scraping from skin, nail, or hair) is embedded in the DTM culture medium. It is incubated at room temperature for 10 to 14 days. If the fungus is a dermatophyte, the medium will turn bright red.
Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina can form mycorrhiza-like relationships with nonvascular plants. [5] Mucoromycota contain multiple mycorrhizal lineages, [6] root endophytes, [7] and decomposers of plant-based carbon sources. [8] Mucoromycotina species known as mycoparasites, or putative parasites of arthropods are like saprobes.
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, showing root tips with fungal mycelium from the genus Amanita. An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species.
Hyaloperonospora parasitica: hyphae and haustoria Haustoria of creeping mistletoe in a scribbly gum A coconut sprout, the edible haustorium of germinating coconut seeds. In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients.
From this structure hyphae can penetrate into the host's parenchyma cortex. [27] AM need no chemical signals from the plant to form the appressoria. AM fungi could form appressoria on the cell walls of "ghost" cells in which the protoplast had been removed to eliminate signaling between the fungi and the plant host.