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A volvulus is when a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, resulting in a bowel obstruction. [1] Symptoms include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, vomiting, constipation, and bloody stool. [1] [2] Onset of symptoms may be rapid or more gradual. [2]
Bowel obstruction, also known as intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. [2] [5] Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. [1] Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas. [1]
Bowel obstruction is most often caused by intestinal adhesions, which frequently form after abdominal surgeries, or by chronic infections such as diverticulitis, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The condition may be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms may resemble those of other bowel disorders. [4]
The narrow mesentery predisposes some cases of malrotation to midgut volvulus, a twisting of the entire small bowel that can obstruct the mesenteric blood vessels leading to intestinal ischemia, necrosis, and death if not promptly treated. The fibrous Ladd's bands can constrict the duodenum, leading to intestinal obstruction.
Sigmoid colon volvulus, also known as sigmoid volvulus, is volvulus affecting the sigmoid colon.It is a common cause of bowel obstruction [1] and constipation.It is common in Asia, India (7% of intestinal obstruction) and especially South India because of the high fibre diet.
[1] [2] Fecal vomiting is often accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, abdominal distension, dehydration, and diarrhea. [2] [3] In severe cases of bowel obstruction or constipation (such as those related to clozapine treatment) fecal vomiting has been identified as a cause of death. [4]
Nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, and increased heart rate are common early symptoms. Later symptoms include fever and or chills. [6] On examination, the abdomen is rigid and tender. [1] After some time, the bowel stops moving, and the abdomen becomes silent and distended. The symptoms of esophageal rupture may include sudden onset of chest pain.
Symptoms caused by intestinal stenosis, or the tightening and narrowing of the bowel, are also common in Crohn's disease. Abdominal pain is often most severe in areas of the bowel with stenosis. Persistent vomiting and nausea may indicate stenosis from small bowel obstruction or disease involving the stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. [37]