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Ape skeletons. A display at the Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge.From left to right: Bornean orangutan, two western gorillas, chimpanzee, human. The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates approximately four million years ago, [1] or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, [2] [3] or approximately twelve million years ago with Danuvius guggenmosi, has ...
In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter, and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as the adductor crest. The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the ...
The femur is elongated and enlarged and place perpendicularly to the pelvic girdle. The proximal end of the femur was enlarged to allow strong muscle attachment and also displayed well developed tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges that served the same purposes for mobility and flexibility of joints in their hindlimbs.
Its function is to provide an attachment for the ascending tendon of the gluteus maximus muscle.It may function as (1) a reinforcement mechanism for the proximal femoral diaphysis in response to increased ground reaction force and (2) to increase the attachment surface area for the gluteal musculature and thereby providing greater efficiency of contracture.
The femur is large, and many bony ridges provide anchorage for muscles that would have been useful for both swimming and moving on land. The thickened pubis and acetabulum of the pelvic girdle and the large sacral vertebrae that connect it with the vertebral column allowed Antlerpeton to withstand the stresses of terrestrial locomotion.
The ligament is one of the sites of attachment of the ligament of head of femur. [1] [3]: 789 Some sources consider the transverse acetabular ligament as the part of the acetabular labrum over the acetabular notch, [1] [4] [3]: 786 while another states that the labrum attaches onto the ligament. [2]
Like most primitive stegocephalians, the abductor blades of the femur protrude distally, with a groove separating it from the femoral head. Length and thickness depend on the size of the creature. Their tibias are broad, flat, and less waisted. [1] The humerus is covered by numerous asymmetrical pits. [7]
Some writers have suggested [2] that the epipubic bones are a part of a kinetic link stretching from the femur on one side, to the ribs on the opposite side. This linkage is formed by a series of muscles: Each epipubic bone is connected to the femur by the pectineus muscle, and to the ribs and vertebrae by the pyramidalis, rectus abdominis, and external and internal obliques.