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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is so low that the molecules are essentially collision-less. [1]
It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K). [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can condense into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds of ice particles.
Experts on the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and at institutions around the world have long warned the long-term global average temperature increase should be kept below ...
This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C (58.57 °F), at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure. ... the exosphere ...
The temperature of the thermopause could range from nearly absolute zero to 987.547 °C (1,810 °F). Below this, the atmosphere is defined to be active [clarification needed] on the insolation received, due to the increased presence of heavier gases such as monatomic oxygen. The solar constant is thus expressed at the thermopause.
January 2025 was 3.15 degrees Fahrenheit (1.75 degrees Celsius) above pre-industrial levels and was the 18th month of the last 19 in which the average temperature globally was above the 2.7-degree ...
Recent years show the atmosphere can deliver the coldest air sooner or later than the average: A bitterly cold outbreak in early March 2019 was the coldest of the season in Great Falls, Montana ...