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For instance, in birds, male and female somatic cells may exhibit intrinsic differences due to CASI, but the extent to which these differences manifest in tissues can be influenced by circulating hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. Hormones act as amplifiers, enhancing or suppressing sex-specific characteristics that are intrinsically ...
This ratio is used primarily for determining the sex of some species, such as drosophila flies and the C. elegans nematode. [1] The first use of this ratio for sex determination is ascribed to Victor M. Nigon. [1] Generally, a 1:1 ratio results in a female and a 1:2 ratio results in a male. When calculating the ratio, Y chromosomes are ignored.
A metamale (or supermale) is a low viability Drosophila fruit fly with a male phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) is less than 0.5. [1] For example: a fly with one X chromosome and two sets of autosomes is a normal male, a fly with one X chromosome and three sets of autosomes is a metamale.
Other species (including most Drosophila species) use the presence of two X chromosomes to determine femaleness: one X chromosome gives putative maleness, but the presence of Y chromosome genes is required for normal male development. In the fruit fly individuals with XY are male and individuals with XX are female; however, individuals with XXY ...
The gene is expressed in both male and female flies and is subject to alternative splicing, producing the protein isoforms dsx f in females and the longer dsx m in males. The production of dsx f is caused by the presence of the female-specific version of the transformer (tra) gene.
Transformer (tra) is a family of genes which regulate sex determination in insects such as flies. [1] [2] Among its effects, it regulates differences between males and females in Drosophila fruit flies. [3] The tra-2 gene is needed for sexual differentiation in female fruit flies, and for spermatogenesis in the males.
A metafemale (or superfemale) is a low viability Drosophila fruit fly with a female phenotype in which the ratio of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes (A) exceeds 1.0. [1] For example: a fly with one X chromosome and two sets of autosomes is a normal male, a fly with two X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes is a normal female, and a fly with three X chromosomes and two sets of autosomes (or ...
The fruitless gene (fru) is a Drosophila melanogaster gene that encodes several variants of a putative transcription factor protein.Normal fruitless function is required for proper development of several anatomical structures necessary for courtship, including motor neurons which innervate muscles needed for fly sexual behaviors. [1]