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Some clinicians choose rheumatoid arthritis as an equivalent risk factor instead. [5] FRAX was developed and most commonly used to assess fracture risk for previously untreated individuals, though some have suggested it can also be used in those treated in the past or even on current treatment for osteoporosis. [6]
A calcaneal fracture is a break of the calcaneus (heel bone). [1] Symptoms may include pain, bruising, trouble walking, and deformity of the heel . [ 1 ] It may be associated with breaks of the hip or back .
Identified risk factors include low dietary calcium or phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, boron, iron, fluoride, copper, vitamins A, K, E and C (and D where skin exposure to sunlight provides an inadequate supply). Excess sodium is a risk factor. High blood acidity may be diet-related, and is a known antagonist of bone. [47]
In orthopedic medicine, the Sanders classification is a system of categorizing intra-articular calcaneal fractures based on the number of articular fragments seen on the coronal CT image at the widest point of the posterior facet.
Risk factors: Fluoroquinolones, significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, corticosteroids [1] [5] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms and examination, supported by medical imaging [5] Differential diagnosis: Achilles tendinitis, ankle sprain, avulsion fracture of the calcaneus [5] Treatment: Casting or surgery [6] [5] Frequency
In terms of fracture type, isolated malleolar fractures are most common (two-thirds of fractures); bimalleolar fractures occur in roughly 25% of patients while trimalleolar fractures occur in 5-10%. [10] Open fractures are rare, compromising 2% of all ankle fractures. [21] In children, ankle fractures occur in about 1 per 1000 per year. [3]
Mirels' score is a tool useful in the management of bone tumors, by identifying those patients who would benefit from prophylactic fixation if they have a high enough risk of pathological fracture. Scoring
The risk for the development of plantar fascia tears can be increased by certain factors which could include: Overweight Non- Supportive footwear; Flat arched feet; High arched feet; A sudden increase in activity/Overuse; Hormone problems; Lack of flexibility of the calf, Achilles tendon and the plantar fascia.