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The Paradoxa Stoicorum (English: Stoic Paradoxes) is a work by the academic skeptic philosopher Cicero in which he attempts to explain six famous Stoic sayings that appear to go against common understanding: (1) virtue is the sole good; (2) virtue is the sole requisite for happiness; (3) all good deeds are equally virtuous and all bad deeds equally vicious; (4) all fools are mad; (5) only the ...
The full title of the work is Quare bonis viris multa mala accidant, cum sit providentia ("Why do misfortunes happen to good men, if providence exists"). This longer title reflects the true theme of the essay which is not so much concerned with providence but with theodicy and the question of why bad things happen to good people.
Sisu is a Finnish word variously translated as stoic determination, tenacity of purpose, grit, bravery, resilience, [1] and hardiness. [2] It is held by Finns to express their national character . It is generally considered [ by whom? ] not to have a single-word literal equivalent in English (tenacity, grit, resilience, and hardiness are much ...
Stoicism considers all existence as cyclical, the cosmos as eternally self-creating and self-destroying (see also Eternal return). Stoicism does not posit a beginning or end to the Universe. [32] According to the Stoics, the logos was the active reason or anima mundi pervading and animating the entire Universe. It was conceived as material and ...
Avoidance of the bad, desire for the good, the direction towards the appropriate, and the ability to assent or dissent, this is the mark of the philosopher. [18] Scholars disagree on whether these three fields relate to the traditional Stoic division of philosophy into Logic, Physics, and Ethics. [19]
In this work, Seneca employs many of the rhetorical devices common to the Consolatio Tradition, while also incorporating his Stoic Philosophy. Seneca is the consoler and the one inflicting suffering in this work, and notes this paradox in the text. Seneca was charged with adultery with Julia Livilla, sister of Emperor Caligula in 41 AD.
ἀδιάφορα: indifferent things, neither good nor bad. agathos ἀγαθός: good, proper object of desire. anthrôpos ἄνθρωπος: human being, used by Epictetus to express an ethical ideal. apatheia ἀπάθεια: serenity, peace of mind, such as that achieved by the Stoic sage. aphormê
The Stoics used the word to discuss many common emotions such as anger, fear and excessive joy. [3] A passion is a disturbing and misleading force in the mind which occurs because of a failure to reason correctly. [2] For the Stoic Chrysippus the passions are evaluative judgements. [4]