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An authenticator that implements CTAP2 is called a FIDO2 authenticator (also called a WebAuthn authenticator). If that authenticator implements CTAP1/U2F as well, it is backward compatible with U2F. The protocol uses the CBOR binary data serialization format. The standard was adopted as ITU-T Recommendation X.1278. [6] [1]
The evolution of the FIDO2-WebAuthn family of protocol standards The U2F 1.0 Proposed Standard (October 9, 2014) was the starting point for the specification known as FIDO 2.0 Proposed Standard (September 4, 2015).
Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) is an open standard that strengthens and simplifies two-factor authentication (2FA) using specialized Universal Serial Bus (USB), near-field communication (NFC), or Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices based on similar security technology found in smart cards.
[1] [2] [3] WebAuthn is a core component of the FIDO2 Project under the guidance of the FIDO Alliance. [4] The goal of the project is to standardize an interface for authenticating users to web-based applications and services using public-key cryptography .
First YubiKey USB token of the FIDO standard in 2014. The YubiKey is a hardware authentication device manufactured by Yubico to protect access to computers, networks, and online services that supports one-time passwords (OTP), public-key cryptography, authentication, and the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) and FIDO2 protocols [1] developed by the FIDO Alliance.
Depending on the features, the key costs $25-$35, [2] but Google has provided them for free to high-risk users. [3] It is considered a more secure form of multi-factor authentication to log in to first-party and third-party services and to enroll in Google's advanced protection program.
Binary economics, also known as two-factor economics, is a theory of economics that endorses both private property and a free market but proposes significant reforms to the banking system. [ 1 ]
For example, in public finance the Robinson Crusoe economy is used to study the various types of public goods and certain aspects of collective benefits. [2] It is used in growth economics to develop growth models for underdeveloped or developing countries to embark upon a steady growth path using techniques of savings and investment.