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In organic chemistry, a directing group (DG) is a substituent on a molecule or ion that facilitates reactions by interacting with a reagent.The term is usually applied to C–H activation of hydrocarbons, where it is defined as a "coordinating moiety (an 'internal ligand'), which directs a metal catalyst into the proximity of a certain C–H bond."
Halogen substituents are an exception: they are resonance donors (+M). With the exception of the halides, they are meta directing groups. Halides are ortho, para directing groups but unlike most ortho, para directors, halides mildly deactivate the arene. This unusual behavior can be explained by two properties:
Rajat Arora (born 23 July 1975) is an Indian screenwriter known for his work in Hindi-language films and television.He is notably known for writing films such as Taxi No. 9211 (2006), Chandni Chowk to China (2009), Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010), [2] The Dirty Picture (2011), [3] Kick (2014), [4] Gabbar Is Back (2015), Azhaar (2016) and Baadshaho (2017). [5]
In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry.Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process:
In organic chemistry, aromatic sulfonation is an reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid (−SO 2 OH) group. Together with nitration and chlorination, aromatic sulfonation is a widely used electrophilic aromatic substitutions. [1] Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs.
The Dirty Picture is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language biographical musical drama film inspired by the life of Silk Smitha, an Indian actress noted for her erotic roles.The filmmakers have clarified that the story is not officially or literally based on Smitha alone, but on many of her contemporaries such as Disco Shanti.
In Hollywood, women make up only 12.6 percent of film directors, as reported by a UCLA study of the 200 top theatrical films of 2017, [48] but that number is a significant increase from 6.9% in 2016. [49] As of 2014, there were only 20 women in the Directors Guild of Japan out of the 550 total members. [50]
The relation between the Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant can be found by considering chemical potentials. [ 1 ] At constant temperature and pressure in the absence of an applied voltage, the Gibbs free energy , G , for the reaction depends only on the extent of reaction : ξ (Greek letter xi ), and can only decrease according to ...