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Valproate (valproic acid, VPA, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms) are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and prevent migraine headaches. [7] They are useful for the prevention of seizures in those with absence seizures , partial seizures , and generalized seizures . [ 7 ]
Depakote (valproic acid/sodium valproate) – an antiepileptic and mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, neuropathic pain and others; sometimes called an antimanic medication. Depakene is the trade name for the same drug prepared without sodium. Desyrel – an atypical antidepressant used to treat depression and insomnia
Trade name Type Main indications Company Sales (USD millions/year) ∆ vs 2014 1 Adalimumab: Humira Biologic Rheumatoid arthritis: AbbVie Inc. 14,012 1,469 2 Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir: Harvoni Small molecule Hepatitis C: Gilead Sciences: 13,864 11,737 3 Etanercept: Enbrel Biologic Rheumatoid arthritis: Amgen. Pfizer. 8,697 4,009 4 Infliximab ...
Topiramate, sold under the brand name Topamax among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and prevent migraines. [9] It has also been used for alcohol dependence and essential tremor. [9] For epilepsy, this includes treatment for generalized or focal seizures. [10] It is taken orally (by mouth). [9]
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Carbamazepine is a sodium channel blocker. [37] It binds preferentially to voltage-gated sodium channels in their inactive conformation, which prevents repetitive and sustained firing of an action potential. Carbamazepine has effects on serotonin systems but the relevance to its antiseizure effects is uncertain.
It is also marketed in the European Union under the brand name Inovelon. [6] It is available as a generic medication. [7] The mechanism of action of rufinamide is not fully understood. There is some evidence that rufinamide can modulate the gating of voltage-gated sodium channels, [8] [9] a common target for antiepileptic drugs. [10]
Sulpiride, sold under the brand name Dogmatil among others, is an atypical antipsychotic (although some texts have referred to it as a typical antipsychotic) [10] medication of the benzamide class which is used mainly in the treatment of psychosis associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and is sometimes used in low dosage to treat anxiety and mild depression.