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The end of the final length of the exhaust pipe where it vents to open air, generally the only visible part of the exhaust system part on a vehicle, often ends with a straight or angled cut but may include a decorative tip. The tip is sometimes chromed. It frequently has a larger pipe than the rest of the exhaust system.
Reinhard Gropp, Marc Seckner, Bernd Seeger: Flexible Metallic Pipes. In: Die Bibliothek der Technik 382. Süddeutscher Verlag onpact, Munich 2016. Carlo Burkhardt, Bert Balmer: Automobile Decoupling Element Technology In: Die Bibliothek der Technik 237. Süddeutscher Verlag onpact, Munich 2008. metal hose manual. Witzenmann, Pforzheim 2007.
Other efforts taken to minimize vibrations and harshness included a section of flexible exhaust pipe, not operating the system until the coolant temperature reached 70C, and a 70 percent heavier flywheel. [11] Mitsubishi's effort remained short-lived, mainly because of a lack of response from car buyers. [12]
Metal liners may be stainless steel, aluminum, or galvanized iron and may be flexible or rigid pipes. Stainless steel is made in several types and thicknesses. Type 304 is used with firewood, wood pellet fuel, and non-condensing oil appliances, types 316 and 321 with coal, and type AL 29-4C is used with high efficiency condensing gas appliances.
Exhaust pipes for automobiles are frequently bent using a mandrel during manufacture. The mandrel allows the exhaust pipes to be bent into smooth curves without undesirable creasing, kinking, or collapse. Molten glass may also be so shaped. A chuck is used on a lathe to hold pieces of wood, metal or plastic to be machined as they are turned. In ...
The layout of a 4-2-1 system is as follows: four pipes (primary) come off the cylinder head, and merge into two pipes (secondary), which in turn finally link up to form one collector pipe. [2] Compared with a 4-1 exhaust system, a 4-2-1 often produces more power at mid-range engine speeds (RPM), while a 4-1 exhaust produces more power at high RPM.