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The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries (1975), [114] and Norman Housley's The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (1992) [115] and The Crusading Movement, 1274–1700 (1995). [116] Barbara Tuchman's A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (1978) provides an interesting perspective on both the crusades and the general history of ...
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
This chronology presents the timeline of the Northern Crusades beginning with the 10th century establishment of Christian churches in northern Europe. These were primarily Christianization campaigns undertaken by the Christian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden together with the Teutonic Knights, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and ...
Large map Europe and the Mediterranean region, ... became common in the 11th century across Europe, ... The Catholic Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th ...
The Investiture Controversy, or Lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops (investiture). The end of lay investiture threatened ...
Crusading as an institution began with the encouragement of the church reformers who had undertaken what is commonly known as the Gregorian Reform in the 11th century. It declined after the Reformation began during the early 16th century. The idea of crusading as holy war was based on the Greco-Roman just war theory. This theory characterized a ...
Map of route taken by Benjamin of Tudela. 1165 (Date unknown). Bohemund III of Antioch and Thoros II of Armenia, held in captivity by Nūr-ad-Din, are ransomed by Manuel I Komnenos. [416] (Date unknown). Alexander III calls for a new crusade to the Holy Land. [417] (Date unknown). Benjamin of Tudela begins his pilgrimage through Iberia to the ...