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  2. Chloroethane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroethane

    Chloroethane is produced by hydrochlorination of ethylene: [11]. C 2 H 4 + HCl → C 2 H 5 Cl. At various times in the past, chloroethane has also been produced from ethanol and hydrochloric acid, from ethane and chlorine, or from ethanol and phosphorus trichloride, but these routes are no longer economical.

  3. Wacker process - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_process

    In summary, experimental evidence seems to support that syn-addition occurs under low-chloride reaction concentrations (< 1 mol/L, industrial process conditions), while anti-addition occurs under high-chloride (> 3mol/L) reaction concentrations, probably due to chloride ions saturating the catalyst and inhibiting the inner-sphere mechanism ...

  4. 1,2-Dichloroethane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane

    In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride. Via several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane . Historically, before leaded petrol was phased out, chloroethanes were used as an additive in petrol to prevent lead buildup in engines.

  5. Enthalpy change of solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_change_of_solution

    Enthalpy change of solution for some selected compounds: hydrochloric acid-74.84 ammonium nitrate +25.69 ammonia-30.50 potassium hydroxide-57.61 caesium hydroxide-71.55 sodium chloride +3.87 potassium chlorate +41.38 acetic acid-1.51 sodium hydroxide-44.50 Change in enthalpy ΔH o in kJ/mol in water at 25°C [2]

  6. Williamson ether synthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_ether_synthesis

    The Williamson reaction is also frequently used to prepare an ether indirectly from two alcohols. One of the alcohols is first converted to a leaving group (usually tosylate), then the two are reacted together. The alkoxide (or aryloxide) may be primary and secondary. Tertiary alkoxides tend to give elimination reaction because of steric hindrance.

  7. Common-ion effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-ion_effect

    Many transition-metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions, a scenario not part of the equilibria that are involved in simple precipitation of salts from ionic solution. For example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added, such as when hydrochloric acid is added.

  8. Carbonyl α-substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonyl_α-substitution...

    A hydrogen on the α position of a carbonyl compound is weakly acidic and can be removed by a strong base to yield an enolate ion. In comparing acetone (pK a = 19.3) with ethane (pK a = 60), for instance, the presence of a neighboring carbonyl group increases the acidity of the ketone over the alkane by a factor of 10 40.

  9. Dehydrohalogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydrohalogenation

    Here ethyl chloride reacts with potassium hydroxide, typically in a solvent such as ethanol, giving ethylene. Likewise, 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane give propene . Zaitsev's rule helps to predict regioselectivity for this reaction type.

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