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James II and VII (14 October 1633 O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution.
James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460) was King of Scots from 1437 until his death in 1460. The eldest surviving son of James I of Scotland , he succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of six, following the assassination of his father.
Portrait of James when Duke of York in 1684, by Godfrey Kneller. Mary of Modena in c. 1687 after her coronation as queen consort, a portrait by Godfrey Kneller.. James's predecessor and elder brother, King Charles II, had come to the throne in the 1660 Stuart Restoration, which followed the English Civil Wars, the execution of Charles I and the five year republic known as The Protectorate.
As Mary II died first, on 28 December 1694, William III became sole remaining monarch. On the day of Mary's death, the line of succession to the English and Scottish thrones was: Princess Anne of Denmark (born 1665), second daughter of James II; Prince William of Denmark and Norway, Duke of Gloucester (born 1689) Anne's only surviving child
The Loyal Parliament was the only Parliament of England of King James II, in theory continuing from May 1685 to July 1687, but in practice sitting during 1685 only. It gained its name because at the outset most of its members were loyal to the new king.
James II; attempts to impose the Declaration of Indulgence destroyed his support base. Despite his Catholicism, James II became king in February 1685 with widespread support in all three kingdoms, resulting in the rapid defeat of the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion in England and Argyll's Rising in Scotland. [1]
Only France, Spain and the Papacy acknowledged James II's son as 'James III' on his father's death in 1701. [18] [19] By the Peace of Utrecht, France and Spain switched their recognition to the Hanoverian succession in 1713, [20] although France subsequently recognised James as "King of Scotland" during the 1745 rising. [21]
Many Presbyterians were sceptical of the king's intentions, while other dissenters, including the Quakers and the Baptists, gave thanks to the king for the Declaration of Indulgence. [11] The declarations were voided when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution. The Bill of Rights abolished the suspending power. [12]