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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
The last 25 years of surface measurements with various averages and a comparison to El Niño and volcanic forcing. The surface temperature record extended back to 1880. (UAH 2003; data set tltglhmam version 5.2 with 2009 updates) and Schabel et al. (RSS 2002; data set tlt_land_and_ocean with 2009 updates). These two satellite records reflect ...
Land surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month between 2000-2008. [ 7 ] Sea surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared to the long-term average temperature of that month from 1985 through 1997.
This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are shown in white. Higher than normal temperatures are shown in red and lower than normal temperatures are shown in blue. Normal temperatures are calculated over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980.
The Landsat program is the longest-running ... and turbidity significantly correlate with the distribution of menhaden – while surface temperature and salinity do ...
To compare to the trend from the surface temperature record (+0.161±0.033 °C/decade from 1979 to 2012 according to NASA GISS [6]) it is most appropriate to derive trends for the part of the atmosphere nearest the surface, i.e., the lower troposphere. Doing this, through December 2019, the UAH linear temperature trend 1979-2019 shows a warming ...
temperature 25 4.482–4.549 1000 26 1.360–1.390 1000 Cirrus clouds water vapor 27 6.535–6.895 1000 28 7.175–7.475 1000 29 8.400–8.700 1000 Cloud properties 30 9.580–9.880 1000 Ozone 31 10.780–11.280 1000 Surface/cloud temperature 32 11.770–12.270 1000 33 13.185–13.485 1000 Cloud top altitude 34 13.485–13.785 1000 35 13.785 ...
The temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth is measured at meteorological observatories and weather stations, usually using thermometers placed in a shelter such as a Stevenson screen—a standardized, well-ventilated, white-painted instrument shelter. The thermometers should be positioned 1.25–2 m above the ground.