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A tailwind is a wind that blows in the direction of travel of an object, while a headwind blows against the direction of travel. A tailwind increases the object's speed and reduces the time required to reach its destination, while a headwind has the opposite effect.
Ground speed can be determined by the vector sum of the aircraft's true airspeed and the current wind speed and direction; a headwind subtracts from the ground speed, while a tailwind adds to it. Winds at other angles to the heading will have components of either headwind or tailwind as well as a crosswind component.
For example, a 10 knot wind coming at 45 degrees from either side will have a crosswind component of 10 knots × sin(45°) and a head/tailwind component of 10 knots × cos(45°), both equals to 7.07 knots. Pilots can use a use a crosswind component chart to calculate the headwind component and the crosswind component.
An aircraft landing into a headwind will require less runway and will be able to vacate the runway sooner. Tailwind increases the ground speed of an aircraft for the same IAS and thus a longer runway distance will be required for an aircraft to land. Landing with an unknown or unexpected tailwind could lead to the aircraft overshooting the runway.
This new airspeed will be faster as the headwind increases, but will result in the greatest distance covered. A general rule of thumb is to add half the headwind component to the best L/D for the maximum distance. For a tailwind, the origin is shifted to the left by the speed of the tailwind, and drawing a new tangent line.
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