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For a formal statement of the theorem, let : be a continuous map from a compact triangulable space to itself. Define the Lefschetz number [2] of by := ((,)), the alternating (finite) sum of the matrix traces of the linear maps induced by on (,), the singular homology groups of with rational coefficients.
An infinite series of any rational function of can be reduced to a finite series of polygamma functions, by use of partial fraction decomposition, [8] as explained here. This fact can also be applied to finite series of rational functions, allowing the result to be computed in constant time even when the series contains a large number of terms.
In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum. It is named after nineteenth century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann . One very common application is in numerical integration , i.e., approximating the area of functions or lines on a graph, where it is also known as the rectangle rule .
The Banach fixed-point theorem (1922) gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if it is satisfied, the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point. [2]By contrast, the Brouwer fixed-point theorem (1911) is a non-constructive result: it says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point, [3] but it doesn ...
Littlewood stated the principles in his 1944 Lectures on the Theory of Functions [1] as: . There are three principles, roughly expressible in the following terms: Every set is nearly a finite sum of intervals; every function (of class L p) is nearly continuous; every convergent sequence of functions is nearly uniformly convergent.
The main task is to construct monotone functions — generalising step functions — with discontinuities at a given denumerable set of points and with prescribed left and right discontinuities at each of these points. Let x n (n ≥ 1) lie in (a, b) and take λ 1, λ 2, λ 3, ... and μ 1, μ 2, μ 3, ... non-negative with finite sum and with ...
Therefore, the sum converges if and only if the integral over the same range of the same function converges. When this equivalence is used to check the convergence of a sum by replacing it with an easier integral, it is known as the integral test for convergence. [15]
A variety V over a finite field with q elements has a finite number of rational points (with coordinates in the original field), as well as points with coordinates in any finite extension of the original field. The generating function has coefficients derived from the numbers N k of points over the extension field with q k elements.