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It is possible for high compensatory growth rates to result in overcompensation, where the organism exceeds normal weight and often has excessive fat deposition. [9] An organism can recover to normal weight without additional time. [1] Sometimes when the nutrient restriction is severe, the growth period is extended to reach the normal weight. [1]
With use, muscles consume energy derived from both fat and glycogen. Due to the large size of leg muscles, walking, running and cycling are the most effective means of exercise to reduce body fat. [26] Exercise affects macronutrient balance. During moderate exercise, equivalent to a brisk walk, there is a shift to greater use of fat as a fuel.
Excessive fat tissue has a direct effect on the productivity of the immune system by slowing it down or interrupting the activity of the cells. It can alter the number of leukocytes , neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes an individual has, while also lowering T and B cell mitogen -induced production. [ 10 ]
The obesus or fat character in Ancient Greek comedy was a glutton and figure of mockery. During Christian times, food was viewed as a gateway to the sins of sloth and lust. [20] In modern Western culture, excess weight is often regarded as unattractive, and obesity is commonly associated with various negative stereotypes.
Intake of trans fat from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men [35] and increased weight and waist circumference in women. [36] These associations were not attenuated when fat intake and calorie intake was accounted for. [37] [38]
Being overweight [a] is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary.. As of 2003, excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese. [1]
Though BMI is often used to help assess for excess weight, it is not a perfect representation of a person's body fat percentage. For example, an individual can have a higher than normal BMI but a normal body fat percentage if they have higher than average muscle mass. This is because excess muscle contributes to a higher weight.
Overnutrition (also known as hyperalimentation) is a form of malnutrition in which the intake of nutrients is oversupplied. The amount of nutrients exceeds the amount required for normal growth, development, and metabolism. Overnutrition can lead to: