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  2. Language change - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_change

    After a word enters a language, its meaning can change as through a shift in the valence of its connotations. As an example, when "villain" entered English it meant 'peasant' or 'farmhand', but acquired the connotation 'low-born' or 'scoundrel', and today only the negative use survives. Thus 'villain' has undergone pejoration.

  3. Language shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift

    In urban settings, language change occurs due to the combination of three factors: the diversity of languages spoken, the high population density, and the need for communication. Urban vernaculars, urban contact varieties, and multiethnolects emerge in many cities around the world as a result of language change in urban settings.

  4. Semantic change - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change

    Semantic change (also semantic shift, semantic progression, semantic development, or semantic drift) is a form of language change regarding the evolution of word usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage.

  5. Historical linguistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_linguistics

    Etymology studies the history of words: when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. Words may enter a language in several ways, including being borrowed as loanwords from another language, being derived by combining pre-existing elements in the language, by a hybrid known as phono ...

  6. Cultural diffusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diffusion

    In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.

  7. Reappropriation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation

    In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification [1] is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e., change in a word's meaning).

  8. Borrowing (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowing_(linguistics)

    In linguistics, borrowing is a type of language change in which a language or dialect undergoes change as a result of contact with another language or dialect. In typical cases of borrowing, speakers of one language (the "recipient" language) adopt into their own speech a novel linguistic feature that they were exposed to due to its presence in a different language (the "source" or "donor ...

  9. Reborrowing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborrowing

    Reborrowing is the process where a word travels from one language to another and then back to the originating language in a different form or with a different meaning. A reborrowed word is sometimes called a Rückwanderer (German, a 'returner'). The result is generally a doublet, where the reborrowed word exists alongside the original word ...