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[10] Infections: urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted diseases, lower genital tract infections (e.g. bacterial vaginosis), [8] infections within the amniotic sac membranes (chorioamnionitis) [11] Tobacco use during pregnancy [10] Illicit drug use during pregnancy [11] Having had PROM or preterm delivery in previous pregnancies [8]
When TAPS patients present in the first or early second trimester, this approach is preferred because many of these patients may resolve or remain clinically stable. Expectant care can be continued with the aim of achieving a late preterm delivery in stable cases that do not advance past stage 2.
Besides placenta previa and placental abruption, uterine rupture can occur, which is a very serious condition leading to internal or external bleeding. Bleeding from the fetus is rare, but may occur with two conditions called vasa previa and velamentous umbilical cord insertion where the fetal blood vessels lie near the placental insertion site unprotected by Wharton's jelly of the cord. [11]
It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there are obstetric or trauma related complications to pregnancy. Normally the maternal circulation and the fetal circulation are kept from direct contact with each other, with gas and nutrient exchange taking place across a membrane in the placenta made of two layers, the syncytiotrophoblast ...
[4] [5] Blood tests taken in the second trimester may reveal increased levels of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and reduced levels of alpha-fetoprotein. [20] [21] The mother may also experience vaginal bleeding, particularly in the third trimester. [11] Women with velamentous cord insertion may not experience any symptoms throughout ...
Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. [67] Tobacco use: During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of premature rupture of membranes, placental abruption and placenta previa. [68] Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. [69]
In addition, bacterial vaginosis as either pre-existing, or acquired, may increase the risk of pregnancy complications, most notably premature birth or miscarriage. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Pregnant women with BV have a higher risk of chorioamnionitis , miscarriage, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes , and postpartum endometritis . [ 27 ]
In the second or third trimester a placenta previa (a placenta partially or completely overlying the cervix) may bleed quite severely. Placental abruption is often associated with uterine bleeding as well as uterine pain. [32] Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy can be normal, especially in early pregnancy. Light spotting early on in pregnancy ...