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A fixed link or fixed crossing is a permanent, unbroken road or rail connection across water that uses some combination of bridges, tunnels, and causeways and does not involve intermittent connections such as drawbridges or ferries. [1] A bridge–tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links.
When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by Cyrus West Field, it operated for only three weeks; a subsequent attempt in 1866 was more successful. [citation needed] On July 13, 1866 the cable laying ship Great Eastern sailed out of Valentia Island, Ireland and on July 27 landed at Heart's Content in Newfoundland, completing the first lasting connection across the Atlantic.
A typical multi-terabit, transoceanic submarine cable system costs several hundred million dollars to construct. [61] Almost all fiber-optic cables from TAT-8 in 1988 until approximately 1997 were constructed by consortia of operators.
The Southern Cross NEXT system will add a further 72Tbs of capability to the network by the end of 2021. The cable was a private investment and there was in estimated $1.5 billion spent on the initial system development. [9] The company is owned by Spark New Zealand, SingTel/Optus, Telstra (as of December 2019) and Verizon Business. [10]
Contemporary map of the 1858 transatlantic cable route. Transatlantic telegraph cables were undersea cables running under the Atlantic Ocean for telegraph communications. . Telegraphy is an obsolete form of communication, and the cables have long since been decommissioned, but telephone and data are still carried on other transatlantic telecommunication
Africa Coast to Europe (ACE) is an optical-fiber submarine cable system serving 24 countries on the Europe , west coast and south Africa, managed by a consortium of 20 members. The ACE cable connects more than 450 million people, either directly for coastal countries or through land links for landlocked countries such as Mali and Niger .
Learning the location of the so-called "spice islands", heretofore a secret from the Europeans, were the Maluku Islands, mainly the Banda, then the world's only source of nutmeg and cloves. Reaching these was the main purpose for the Portuguese voyages in the Indian Ocean.
Modern three-core cables (e.g. for the connection of offshore wind turbines) often carry optical fibers for data transmission or temperature measurement, in addition to the electrical conductors. The conductor is made from copper or aluminum wires, the latter material having a small but increasing market share.
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