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Optimal bone health is characterized by adequate bone mineral density (BMD) and proper bone microarchitecture, which together contribute to bone strength. [2] Osteoporosis, a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fractures, is a major concern in bone health, particularly among older adults.
Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine (TGF-β, IGF) signalling.In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).
The Scientific Review Branch (SRB) conducts the initial peer review of specific research applications assigned to the NIAMS. These include applications for Centers, program projects, single and multi-site clinical trials, scientific conferences, training and career development awards, as well as applications responding to initiatives published ...
Bone tissue is a dynamic system with active metabolism. [24] Bone tissue remodelling or bone remodeling is a successive chain of old bone matrix removal and its replacement with a new one. [25] These processes make a child’s skeleton grow and extend, while childhood is characterized by bone tissue growth rather than its resorption.
The spine adjusts slowly over time, and as a result, consequences are generally limited. Children are less likely than adolescents or adults to experience neurological side effects, due to the softness and flexibility of their spine, as well as their low weight. [42] Erb's palsy has been identified as a rare neurological side effect of HGT. [43]
Osteopenia, known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. [1] Because their bones are weaker, people with osteopenia may have a higher risk of fractures, and some people may go on to develop osteoporosis. [2] In 2010, 43 million older adults in the US had osteopenia. [3]