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[15] [84] Global reductions in gray matter volume, thinning of the parietal and orbitofrontal cortices, and decreased hippocampal activity have been observed in long term users. [8] The effects established so far for recreational use of ecstasy lie in the range of moderate to severe effects for serotonin transporter reduction. [89]
[81] [82] Concerns regarding the long-term effects of benzodiazepines have been raised since 1980. [83] These concerns are still not fully answered. A review in 2006 of the literature on use of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics concluded that more research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of hypnotic drugs. [84]
For example, in an MDMA ("ecstasy" and "molly") comedown, if the user experiences severe, persisting emotional distress, such as panic attacks, severe generalized anxiety, or insomnia following an MDMA session, a physician may prescribe a benzodiazepine (specifically, lorazepam) and/or sleep aid (e.g., zolpidem), to alleviate those effects. [3]
A phase III study indicated that MDMA-assisted therapy represents a potential breakthrough treatment for severe PTSD that merits expedited clinical evaluation. [17] Based on this study, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy was granted breakthrough therapy designation by the FDA, a designation that indicates that there is preliminary evidence that an intervention might offer a substantial improvement ...
Different drug classes have different side effects. Long-term medical conditions induced by opioid include infection, hyperalgesia, opioid-induced bowel syndrome, opioid-related leukoencephalopathy and opioid amnestic syndrome. [32] Misuse of prescribed opioids medications is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. [37]
A study into the effects of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, flumazenil, on benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms persisting after withdrawal was carried out by Lader and Morton. Study subjects had been benzodiazepine-free for between one month and five years, but all reported persisting withdrawal effects to varying degrees.
Some severe side effects with long-term consequences may include pancreatitis, acute kidney injury, gallstones, gallbladder disease, diabetic retinopathy, and an increased heart rate. Semaglutide ...
[1] [10] [2] [3] The states produced by these drugs can show similarities to the blissful experiences of ecstatic seizures. [1] [10] [2] [3] [5] As an example, Alexander Shulgin, who discovered the subjective effects of MDMA, described his first experience with the drug as follows: "I feel absolutely clean inside, and there is nothing but pure ...