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In Al-Andalus, white bread was made from wheat flour, but also a coarser and cheaper bread that contained bran, called “red bread”. [18] On the Christian side of the border , the baker's trade was established as a profession, becoming a relevant, prominent and respected figure in medieval society.
For generations, white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark (whole grain) bread. However, in most Western societies, the connotations reversed in the late 20th century, with whole-grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while Chorleywood bread became associated with lower-class ignorance ...
Because wheat was the most expensive grain to grow, and the process to sift it labor-intensive, white flour was generally limited to special occasions and the wealthy, until the mid-19th century. Then industrial processes eliminated the labor cost, allowing prices to fall until it was accessible to the middle class. [5]
Brown rice flour has higher nutritional value than white rice flour. Sorghum flour is made from grinding whole grains of the sorghum plant. It is called jowar in India. Tapioca flour, produced from the root of the cassava plant, is used to make breads, pancakes, tapioca pudding, a savoury porridge called fufu in Africa, and is used as a starch.
Flour provides the primary structure, starch and protein to the final baked bread. The protein content of the flour is the best indicator of the quality of the bread dough and the finished bread. While bread can be made from all-purpose wheat flour, a specialty bread flour, containing more protein (12–14%), is recommended for high-quality bread.
White flour became adopted in many cultures because it was thought to be healthier than dark flours during the late Middle Ages. [citation needed] As white flour was more expensive it became a fashionable indicator of perceived social status and tended to be consumed mostly by the richer classes. Another factor was that mold and fungus in the ...
To produce refined (white) wheat flour, [4] grain is usually tempered, i.e. moisture added to the grain, before milling, to optimize milling efficiency.This softens the starchy "endosperm" portion of the wheat kernel, which will be separated out in the milling process to produce what is known to consumers as white flour.
In general, the South prefers white cornmeal with little to no wheat flour or sweeteners added; it is traditionally baked in a cast-iron skillet and ideally has a crunchy outside and moist inside. The North usually prefers yellow cornmeal with sometimes as much as half wheat flour in its composition, as well as sugar, honey, or maple syrup ...