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The social determinants of health (SDOH) are the economic and social conditions that influence individual and group differences in health status. [1] They are the health promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income, wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual risk factors (such as ...
The health belief model (HBM) is a social psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services. [1][2] The health belief model also refers to an individual's beliefs about preventing diseases, maintaining health, and striving for well-being. [3]
Margaret McRae Whitehead. (1948-09-28) 28 September 1948 (age 75) Liverpool, England. Occupation. Professor in Public Health. Dame Margaret McRae Whitehead DBE (born 28 September 1948) holds the W.H. Duncan chair in Public Health at the University of Liverpool. [1] She heads the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Policy Research ...
Each behavioural change theory or model focuses on different factors in attempting to explain behaviour change. Of the many that exist, the most prevalent are learning theories, social cognitive theory, theories of reasoned action and planned behaviour, transtheoretical model of behavior change, the health action process approach, and the BJ Fogg model of behavior change.
Tobacco harm reduction (THR) is a public health strategy to lower the health risks to individuals and wider society associated with using tobacco products. It is an example of the concept of harm reduction, a strategy for dealing with the use of drugs. Tobacco smoking is widely acknowledged as a leading cause of illness and death, [1] and ...
Biopsychosocial models are a class of trans-disciplinary models which look at the interconnection between biology, psychology, and socio - environmental factors. These models specifically examine how these aspects play a role in a range of topics but mainly psychiatry, health and human development. The term is generally used to describe a model ...
Smoking among youth and adolescents is an issue that affects countries worldwide. While the extent to which smoking is viewed as a negative health behavior may vary across different nations, it remains an issue regardless of how it is perceived by different societies. The United States has taken numerous measures, ranging from changes in ...
The 1929 "Torches of Freedom" public relations campaign equated smoking in public with female emancipation. Some women had been smoking decades earlier, but usually in private; this 1890s satirical cartoon from Germany illustrates the notion that smoking was considered unfeminine by some in that period. "Torches of Freedom" was a phrase used to ...