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A cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation. Actual celluloid (consisting of cellulose nitrate and camphor) was used during the first half of the 20th century. Since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable, celluloid was largely replaced by cellulose acetate.
His camera was used in a number of the Iwerks Studio's Willie Whopper and Comicolor cartoons of the mid-1930s. [citation needed] Sketch of a computer-controlled, 4-plane Multiplane camera , showing the glass-covered planes and the different motions. Demonstration of the multiplane effect using three planes.
The animators' drawings are traced or photocopied onto transparent acetate sheets called cels, [61] which are filled in with paints in assigned colors or tones on the side opposite the line drawings. [62] The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one against a painted background by a rostrum camera onto motion picture film. [63]
An animation with scratched figures and hand-painted sections. Drawn-on-film animation, also known as direct animation or animation without camera, is an animation technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, as opposed to any other form of animation where the images or objects are photographed frame by frame with an animation camera.
Before animation begins, a preliminary soundtrack or scratch track is recorded so that the animation may be more precisely synchronized to the soundtrack. Given the slow manner in which traditional animation is produced, it is almost always easier to synchronize animation to a preexisting soundtrack than it is to synchronize a soundtrack to pre-existing animation.
In 1933, Ub Iwerks developed a multiplane camera and used it for several Willie Whopper (1933–1934) and ComiColor Cartoons episodes. The Fleischers developed the very different stereopticon process in 1933 [36] for their Color Classics. It was used in the first episode Betty Boop in Poor Cinderella (1934) and most of the following episodes ...
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This variation of the three-strip process was designed primarily for cartoon work: the camera would contain one strip of black-and-white negative film, and each animation cel would be photographed three times, on three sequential frames, behind alternating red, green, and blue filters (the so-called "Technicolor Color Wheel", then an option of ...