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The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classifies herbicides by their mode of action (MoA) to provide a uniform way for farmers and growers to identify the agents they use and better manage pesticide resistance around the world. [1] [2] It is run by CropLife International [3] in conjunction with the Weed Science Society of America ...
Chemical structure of diflubenzuron, a commonly used benzoylurea insecticide. Benzoylureas (BPUs) are chemical derivatives of N-benzoyl-N ′-phenylurea, which are used as insecticides. [1] They do not directly kill the insect, but disrupt moulting and egg hatch, and thus act as insect growth regulators.
The World Health Organization (WHO) names four toxicity classes: . Class I – a: extremely hazardous; Class I – b: highly hazardous; Class II: moderately hazardous; Class III: slightly hazardous
I II III IV Oral LD 50: Up to and including 50 mg/kg From 50 to 500 mg/kg From 500 to 5000 mg/kg Greater than 5000 mg/kg Inhalation LC50 : Up to and including 0.2 mg/L
The industry-sponsored Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) advises on the use of insecticides in crop protection and classifies the available compounds according to their chemical classes and mechanism of action so as to manage the risks of pesticide resistance developing. [4]
The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) definition of insecticide resistance is ' a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species '. [3]
The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) was formed in 1984 and works as a specialist technical group of the industry association CropLife to be able to provide a coordinated industry response to prevent or delay the development of insecticide resistance in insect, mite and nematode pests. IRAC strives to facilitate communication and ...
Pesticide resistance is increasing. Farmers in the US lost 7% of their crops to pests in the 1940s; over the 1980s and 1990s, the loss was 13%, even though more pesticides were being used. [102] Over 500 species of pests have evolved a resistance to a pesticide. [105] Other sources estimate the number to be around 1,000 species since 1945. [106]