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  2. Obscurantism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscurantism

    In the 18th century, the Marquis de Condorcet was a political scientist who correctly perceived obscurantism as a contributing cause of the French Revolution in 1789.. In restricting education and knowledge to a ruling class, obscurantism is anti-democratic in its components of anti-intellectualism and social elitism, which exclude the majority of the people, deemed unworthy of knowing the ...

  3. Symmetry in biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology

    Most radially symmetric animals are symmetrical about an axis extending from the center of the oral surface, which contains the mouth, to the center of the opposite (aboral) end. Animals in the phyla Cnidaria and Echinodermata generally show radial symmetry, [7] although many sea anemones and some corals within the Cnidaria have bilateral ...

  4. Axanthism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axanthism

    Animals that are normally yellow will appear white if affected with axanthism. While axanthism commonly makes green animals blue, it can also make the animal gray or even black, making it appear as if the animal has melanism ; though they can be distinguished by how axanthic animals are slightly lighter and how melanistic animals produce more ...

  5. List of animals featuring external asymmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_featuring...

    Fish: Dorsal view of right-bending (left) and left-bending (right) jaw morphs [4]. Many flatfish, such as flounders, have eyes placed asymmetrically in the adult fish.The fish has the usual symmetrical body structure when it is young, but as it matures and moves to living close to the sea bed, the fish lies on its side, and the head twists so that both eyes are on the top.

  6. Aposematism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aposematism

    Aposematism is the advertising by an animal, whether terrestrial or marine, to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. [1] This unprofitability may consist of any defenses which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom , foul taste or smell, sharp spines, or aggressive nature.

  7. Lists of animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_animals

    Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described—of which around 1 million are insects—but it has been estimated there are over 7 million in total. Animals range in size from 8.5 millionths of a metre to 33.6 metres (110 ft) long and have complex interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs.

  8. Avoidance response - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidance_response

    Because the avoidance response is adaptive, humans have learned to use it in training animals such as dogs and horses. B.F. Skinner (1938) [8] believed that animals learn primarily through rewards and punishments, the basis of operant conditioning. The avoidance response comes into play here when punishment is administered.

  9. Bilateria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria

    Bilateria (/ ˌ b aɪ l ə ˈ t ɪər i ə /) [5] is a large clade or infrakingdom of animals called bilaterians (/ ˌ b aɪ l ə ˈ t ɪər i ə n /), [6] characterised by bilateral symmetry (i.e. having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each other) during embryonic development.