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It is also referred to as the sender–message–channel–receiver model, the SMCR model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of Communication. It contains a detailed discussion of the four main components of communication: source, message, channel, and receiver. Source and receiver are usually ...
"The medium is the message" is a phrase coined by the Canadian communication theorist Marshall McLuhan and the name of the first chapter [1] in his Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man, published in 1964. [2] [3] McLuhan proposes that a communication medium itself, not the messages it carries, should be the primary focus of study. [4]
The word communication has its root in the Latin verb communicare, which means ' to share ' or ' to make common '. [1] Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: [2] a message is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. [3]
[1] [23] [12] Feedback means that the receiver responds by sending their own message back to the original sender. This makes the process more complicated since each participant acts both as sender and receiver. For many forms of communication, feedback is of vital importance, for example, to assess the effect of the communication on the audience.
Human communication can be defined as any Shared Symbolic Interaction. [6]Shared, because each communication process also requires a system of signification (the Code) as its necessary condition, and if the encoding is not known to all those who are involved in the communication process, there is no understanding and therefore fails the same notification.
For Schramm, a central aspect of communication is that the participants "are trying to establish a 'commonness '" by sharing an idea or information. [9] [10] In this regard, communication can be defined as "the sharing of an orientation toward a set of informational signs" and is based on a relation between the communicators. [11]
The message is then perceived and interpreted by the audience, labeled in the diagram as M₂. [138] The relation between message and reality is of central importance to Gerbner. [133] [131] [132] For this reason, his model includes two dimensions. The horizontal dimension corresponds to the relation between communicator and event.
The path of communication is the path that a message travels between sender and recipient; in hierarchies the vertical line of communication is identical to command hierarchies. [4] Paths of communication can be physical (e.g. the road as transportation route) or non-physical (e.g. networks like a computer network).